Dirigent

Dirigent

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nile river basin - - statistics and background informationthe nilearea: 3.3 million km2 more than 81500 km2 are lakes and 70000 km2 are swamps. there are ten riparian countries: burundi, democratic republic of the congo, egypt, eritrea, ethiopia, kenya, rwanda, sudan, tanzania, and uganda.total rainfall and flow: the mean annual rainfall over the entire basin is about 2000 billion cubic meters. the average annual flow at aswan is about 84 billion cubic meters. irrigated agriculture: in egypt and the sudan, irrigated agriculture is the dominating sector. over 5.5 million ha are under irrigation, with plans to expand an area of over 4.9 million ha. the present irrigation in the upper white nile riparian areas is very small and there are plans for a future expansion over an area of 387000 in uganda, tanzania and kenya. in ethiopia, the potential identified in the blue nile basin includes 100000 ha of perennial irrigation and 165000 ha of small - scale seasonal irrigation. the other riparian countries have no potential for irrigation in the basin and depend almost completely on rain fed agriculture.population: the present 280 million is expected to grow to 591 million by 2025, at an average rate of 2.5 - 3.0%, with an average population density of 955 / 1000. poverty indicators: the gini index (> 50%); half the population is below the international poverty line at $1 a day.the history of the nile riverthe nile probably gets its name form "nahal" which means "river valley" in semitic, later neilos "in greek and" nilus "in latin. (129), it is the world 's longest river, stretching 4187 95 miles from its source in the mountains of burundi. the source of the river is so far from the mediterranean that it took you until the middle of the 20th century to find it. for centuries, the most accurate source of knowledge on the location of this source were the writings of herioditus...... (greek history, 460 bc), who wrote that the nile's source was a deep run between two tall mountains. when nero ordered his centurions to follow the flow of the river in order to find its source, they got no further than the impenetrable valley of the eraser. john henning, speke thought that he had finally found the source when he a lake victoria in 1862, only to be later the samples wrong and forgotten by history. in 1937, the source was finally stumbled upon by the little known german explorer bruckhart waldekker (127).the nile is formed by three tributaries, the blue nile, the white nile, and the atbara. the white nile rises from its source in burundi, passes through lake victoria, and flows into southern sudan. there, near the capital city of khartoum, the white nile meets up with the blue nile which has its source in the ethiopian highlands, near lake tana. over 53% of the nile's waters come from the blue nile. the two flow together to just north of khartoum, where they are joined by the waters of the atbara, whose source is also located in the ethiopian highlands.the river then flows north through lake nasser, the second largest man - made lake in the world, and the aswan dam before splitting into two major distributaries just north of cairo. the two distributaries are the rosetta branch to the west and the dameita to the east. in ancient times, the number of distributaries was much greater, but the slow water flow, human interference, and the accumulation of silt had led to the disappearance of all the other major distributaries. this has effectively point to the for of large stretches of egyptian land.in ancient egypt, the nile, and its delta, were worshiped as a good. the god hapi, who came in the shape of a frog, represented the nile delta. several times throughout history, egyptians have tried to unify the nile valley during their rule by conquering the sudan. the country to the south of them that bordered the river were in constant danger. the sudan was invaded during the reign of queen sheba, during the roman rule of nero, and countless other times. this is because the egyptians have always feared that one day the nile 's waters would no longer reach their country. people believed that since the flow of the nile was so unpredictable, something had to have been affecting it. a legend says that during one particularly asked famine in egypt, the egyptian sultan late his ambassador to the king of ethiopia in order to plead with him not to obstruct the waters. a scottish traveler in the 18th century recounted (a story that the king of ethiopia had late (a letter to the pasha in 1704 threatening to cut off the water. given this fear it is quite natural that the nile countries desire to secure their water supplies (127).the modern history of the nile began conflict with the 20th century. the english were quick to realize the importance of the river would have for their colonies. over the centuries, in the swamps of the eraser, strong winds and the force of the river had created natural dams made up of plants and soil, similar to those